Watergate

Watergate Project

Caitie Pollard

         John Dean played a major role in covering up for the Watergate scandal. John Dean fabricated the cover story for Watergate; ‘coordinating alibis and lies” ( Defining Moments: Watergate p.93) in order to conceal the truth from the public. Dean also, in the beginning stages of Watergate, read confidential reports made by investigators. Then, using the information he had gathered, Dean would hinder the investigations into Watergate. Additionally, Dean bribed the Watergate men who were arrested in order to buy their silence.

                                                          WORKS CITED

Denton, Robert E. "12: William Jefferson Clinton and the Symbolic Dimensions of the American Presidency: Issues of Character and Public Trust." In Images, Scandal, and Communication Strategies of the Clinton Presidency, edited by Robert E. Denton and Rachel L. Holloway, 299-324. Praeger Series in Presidential Studies. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/120261682.

Hillstrom,Kevin. Defining Moments:Watergate. Omnigraphics, Inc, 2004.

Garment, Leonard. In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time. New York: Basic Books, 2000. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/85908477.

Genovese, Michael A. The Watergate Crisis. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/15308459.

America Enters the Vietnam Conflict

1. What European country controlled (ruled) Vietnam before, during and immediately following World War II?      
Vietnam was ruled by France before World War II. During World War II Vietnam was conquered by the Japanese, and after World War II, France fand the Viet Minh fought each other, each hoping to gain control on the country.



2. Who led the Viet Minh (anti-Japanese resistance group)?       
The Viet Minh, the anti-Japanese resistance group, were led by Ho Chi Minh, a communist.



3. Which country helped France keep Vietnam and why?       
The United States helped France keep Vietnam in order to prevent Vietnam from becoming communist. The Viet Minh, who were communists backed by Mao Zedong, attempted to gain control of Vietnam in 1945. The United States considered the Viet Minh to be puppets of Mao and communist China, and so the United States aided France in thier war against the Viet Minh by giving France $500 million a year into the French war effort.



4. What is the Domino Theory?       
The Domino Theory was the theory that, the USSR and China were planning on spreading communism in Asia, and that if Vietnam fell to communism then many other Asian countries would fall as well.



5. In 1955 the United States installed this man as the leader of the Republic of South Vietnam. Who was he and why was he placed into power?           
The United States installed Ngo Dinh Diem as the leader of South Vietnam because he adamantly anti-communist, in fact he was prepared to imprison or exile any communist. This way the United States hope to stop the spread of communism.



6. What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail? How was it used?           
The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a border at the 17th parallel that separated North and South Vietnam. This border was used by the Viet Cong (  the Communist-lead National Front for the Liberation of the South Vietnam ) to send reinforcements and to get supplies to guerrilla fighters.



7. What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution? What powers did it give President Johnson? 
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was a resolution that effectively gave Lyndon Johnson the power to take the United Sates into a full fledged war against the communists of Vietnam if he felt that this was necessary.



8. Look at the timeline on page 256. Why is 1965 considered a "turning point" year for American involvement in Vietnam?               
1956 is considered a "turning point" year for the American involvement in Vietnam because in this year the Americans stepped up there attack on the Vietnamese communists, the United States dedicated itself to defeating the communist Vietnamese.



9. Why, according to Source 3 on page 255, were U.S. troops put into a difficult position in Vietnam?        
According to Source 3, the U.S troops were put into a difficult position in Vietnam because of  the Vietnamese, the very people the U.S troops were fighting for, disliked the United States due to the fact that the United States forced the Vietnamese to  " work with pay to dig moats,plant bamboo stakes and ercet fences against any enemy that didn't threaten them" (Source 3).  Therefore, the U.S soldiers were fighting for a people that didn't support them. 

The Communist Takeover of North Korea

              In 1910 the Japanese took over Korea.  In August 1945 ( the end of World War II ) the Japanese north of the 38th paralleled surrendered to the Soviet Union, and the Japanese south of the 38th parallel surrendered to the United States. Therefore, with the Soviets occupying, communist North Korea was established.
             In 1948 the North Korean government was set up, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The government was led by Kim II Sung. Kim II Sung set up and followed the policy of "Juche", in other words self-reliance. Ironically however, the North Korean government's unrelenting hold on its people has led to the people being dependent on the government.
            The North Korean government neglects its people. An estimated two million people have died since the mid 1990's due to famines that resulted from natural disasters and bad management of the economy. Reports of torture, slave labor and public executions have also been recounted.
            In June 1994 Kung II Sung died and was replaced by his son Kim Jong II. Kung Jong II was in turn replaced by his son Kim Jong Un.
           Today North Korea is still communist, and ruled by Kim Jong Un. Currently North Korea is developing and alarming the world with nuclear weapons.
           
           

The Communist Takeover of Cuba

             Communist Cuba began on January 1, 1959 when revolutionary forces drove out the previous dictator, Fulgencio Batista (who was supported by the United States), and replaced him with Fidel Castro, a communist, as the Prime Minister of Cuba.
             Very quickly relations between Cuba and the United States deteriorated as Castro demonstrated his desire for control. For example although Castro had promised free elections, the elections never took place and Castro remained the Prime Minister. Also, Castro made it illegal to leave the island without government consent. On the other hand relations between the Soviet Union and Cuba were strengthened. In February 1960 Cuba signed a trading agreement with the Soviet Union which caused Cuba , instead of relying on the United States for support, to depended on the Soviet Union. In 1962 the Soviet Union stored nuclear weapons and some of their army on Cuba ( the Cuban Missile crisis) alarming the United States. 
          In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed. This was a heavy blow for Cuba, who considered the Soviet Union a valuable asset. However, the Cuban government survived, due to tourism and investments from Canada and European countries. 
          In February 2008 Fidel Castro officially stepped down and his brother ,Raul Castro, replaced him as Prime Minister. To this day Cuba remains communist.


Works Cited:
 http://cuba.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/cuba/history?page=2
http://www.historytoday.com/john-swift/cuban-missile-crisis
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/castro-sworn-in

Cold War Heats up in Asia

1. Who was Chiang Kai-shek?         
                   Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of the Nationalists in China. He ruled southern and eastern China, and the government he ruled, according to the U.S officials who dealt with him, was inefficient and corrupt. Chiang was abusive towards the peasants, and he relied heavily on U.S.A's aid. 

2. Who was Mao Zedong?      
                 Mao Zedong was the leader of the Communists in China. He worked hard to win the  peasant's support, and relied heavily of the Soviet Union's financial aid. Mao ruled northern China.


3. How were the Communist able to take over China?     
                 The Communists were able to take over China because the Nationalists military government was weak, corrupt and ready to fall. Also, the Nationalists abusive practices drove the peasants to the Communist side. On the other hand, the Communist government was strong, and had many peasent recruits. Therefore the Communists were able to take over China.


4. How did the State Department respond to critics that Truman's "Containment" policy didn't extend to Asia?               
                  The State Department responded to the critics that Truman's "Containment" policy didn't extend to Asia by saying that what had happened in China was a result of "internal forces", and that the United States had failed to influence these internal forces. Also, the State Department said that if the United States had tried to do anything more than influence, the U.S would start another war, this time in Asia, that the U.S wasn't prepared to fight.  


5. How did Korea become a divided nation after World War II?      
                     Korea became a divided nation after World War II because, in 1910 Japan took over Korea. Then in August 1945 Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviet Union, and Japanese troops south of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Americans. Therefore Korea was seperated into two parts, North Korea being communist and South Korea being democratic.  


6. What is the importance of the Yalu River and what prompted the Chinese to enter the Korean War?     
                    The importance of the Yalu River was that the Yalu River formed the border between North Korea and China, therefore the UN troops, who had fought from South Korea all the way up to North Korea, got close to that border, the Chinese fought back against the UN troops and stopped the UN troops from takeing over northern Korea. The Chinese entered the Korean war because the Chinese wanted North Korea to be a communist buffer zone for themselves.  


7. Who is General Douglas MacArthur and what did he want to do against China?     
                        General Douglas MacArthur was the American commander of the troops in the Korean War. MacArthur wanted an extension of the war into China, and then he wanted to use nuclear weapons against many Chinese cities.


8. Why did Truman relieve MacArthur from duty?       
                       Truman relieved MacArthur from duty because MacArthur was continually criticizing Truman's policy through magazines and newspaper despite many warning from his superiors; until finally Truman tired of his policies being criticized fired MacArthur. 


9. How did the war end?       
                       The War ended with the Soviet Union and the United States agreeing on a date for a cease-fire, June 23, 1951, at the location of an existing battle line, and setting up a demilitarized zone between the oppsing sides. After another year the exchange of prisoners was agreed upon. Finally in July 1953, the Soviet Union and the United States signed an armistice ending the war. 


10. He is the current leader of North Korea and was also named the "Sexiest Man Alive" in 2012.      
                         Kim Jong-Un is the current leader of North Korea and was also named the "sexiest an Alive" in 2012

Origins of the Cold War Outline

        The U.S.S.R is to blame for the Cold War, because of the Berlin Blockade, the U.S.S.R takeover of eastern European countries, Stalin's demands at Yalta and Potsdam, the U.S.S.R's refusal to take help from the Marshal Plan, and the U.S.S.R having very different goals than the U.S.A. However, some people say that the U.S.A is to blame for the Cold War because of the Truman Doctrine.

The Berlin Blockade

• By separating the U.S.S.R's zone,  Stalin clearly demonstrated that the U.S.S.R and the U.S.A were on bad terms to the world, which created more tension between the U.S.A and the U.S.S.R
• Stalin went against the wishes of Roosevelt  ,who wished that Germany be reunited, creating tension for the United States 
• By separating the U.S.S.R's zone, Stalin demonstrated his power over East Germany and demonstrated that he could easily operate without the Allies, creating fear and tension in the U.S.A
• By closing off East Germany from West Germany, Stalin demonstrated 

The Takeover of Eastern European Countries

• Stalin outlawed the democratic party in the eastern European countries, which forced the countries to be communist which created tension in the U.S.A
• By forcing the eastern European countries to be communist Stalin broke the promise he had made at Yalta, which created tension in the U.S.A
• By taking the eastern European countries and making them be communist the U.S.S.R spread communism, which was directly against the U.S.A's dream of spreading democracy. 

Stalin's demands and actions at Yalta and Potsdam

• Stalin wanted to cripple Germany to ensure safety from further invasions, while Roosevelt didn't want the Treaty of Versailles to happen all over again; these different goals created tension between the two leaders and thus tension between the two countries
• At Potsdam Stalin refused to give up any power that he had over the eastern European countries in his control, therefore the U.S.A believed that this was evidence that Stalin was planning on taking over Europe to build a Soviet Empire, which created fear and tension for the U.S.A and caused Truman to adopt a 'tough' attitude towards Stalin which amplified the tension between the two leaders and made it even harder to come to any agreements at Potsdam
• At Poland Stalin demanded the U.S.S.R's border to move into Poland, which created more tension and fear in the U.S.A that the U.S.S.R was aiming for world domination. 

 The U.S.S.R's refusal to take help from the Marshal Plan

• Stalin refused to take money from the Marshal aid
• Stalin demanded that the eastern European countries in his control not take any of the money from the Marshal Aid. 
• 
  

U.S.S.R having very different goals than the U.S.A.

• The U.S.S.R wanted to spread communism, while the U.S.A wanted to spread democracy
• The U.S.S.R wanted to have a closed market, while the U.S.A wanted to have a free market
•  The U.S.S.R wanted to keep Germany divided and weak, the U.S.A  wanted to reunited Germany

The U.S.A is to blame because of the Truman Doctrine

• The purpose of the Truman doctrine was to prevent the spread of communism  and Stalin's dream was to spread communism and so this created tension in the Soviet Union
• The Truman Doctrine was meant to make sure that the U.S.S.R didn't take over Greece or Turkey, which created tensuion in the U.S.S.R
• The Truman Doctrine demonstrated the U.S.A's distrust in the U.S.S.R which created tension in the U.S.S.R

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift

1. What is Source 37 (p. 75) saying about Josip Tito, leader of Yugoslavia?     
                Yugoslavia is a communist country and so, Source 37 is saying that Josip Tito,the leader of Yugoslavia, is betraying communism by taking money from the United States, because the money that Tito is accepting is money that is suppose to make countries stronger, and so make the countries strong enough to get rid of communism. 


2. Why do you think Stalin was so hostile to Tito?        
               Stalin was so hostile to Tito because, Yugoslavia, the country that Tito ruled, was the only eastern, communist, European country that did not follow Stalin's orders. And so, Tito began accepting money from the United States, something that Stalin had forbade the eastern, communist, European countries to do, which further angered Stalin.     


3. Look back at the map in Source 27 on page 71. How does the geographical position of Yugoslavia help to explain why Stalin did not take any direct action (such as sending in troops) against Tito?     
                  The geographical position of Yugoslavia helps explain why Stalin didn't take direct action   against Yugoslavia in that, Yugoslavia was one of the farthest away countries from the Soviet Union, therefore it would have taken much more time, food, supplies, and fuel to take any direct action against Yugoslavia. 


4. Read Source 40 (p. 77). What reasons did the Soviet Union give for cutting off West Berlin?       
                  The Soviet Union gave the reasons that there were technical difficulties, and so all traffic  had    to be stopped, and using a similar reason the Soviets stopped all barge traffic, finally the Soviets said that that there was a shortage of coal, and so, the Soviets had to disrupt electrical power from Soviet power plants to Western sectors. 


5. Why do you think the USA did not believe these were genuine reasons?           
                  The United States did not believe that these reasons were genuine because all of the reasons happened convenientally at the same time, relations with the Soviet Union had been shaky in recent times, and so the United States would have been more suspicious at any actions that the Soviet Union took, and  because all of these reasons were obviously the perfect cover for the Soviet Union to seperate West Germany from East Germany. 


6. How do Sources 41–43 differ in their interpretation of the blockade?            
                  The Sources differ in that Source 41, which was written by an American Historian, says that it was the Soviets fault that the blockade continued for many years, and Source 43, which was written by a Soviet Historian, says that the blockade continued for many years because the Americans "refused to yield".   


7.  Which do you think is the most useful source for a historian studying the Berlin Blockade?       
                  I think that Source 43 is the most useful source for a historian studying the Berlin blockade, because Source 43 shows the historian what it was like living in West Berlin during the blockade. However, the historian would have to be careful about trusting the source too much because the Source was written by a Soviet historian during the Cold War and so the author may have exaggerate how bad it was lving in West Berlin during the blockade. 



8.  Which source do you think gives the most reliable view of the blockade?    
                    I don't think that either source is more reliable than the other, because both sources were written when the Cold War was still going, and both sources were written by historians from the          opposing sides; Source 41 was written by an American historian , and Source 43 was written by a Soviet historian.